To identify the key compounds responsible for the core antioxidant activity in Rosa chinensis Jacq., and to provide precise targets for their medicinal development and quality control, the chemical constituents of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were first analyzed and identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Next, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed on the intersection targets of components and antioxidant-related targets. Subsequently, comprehensive and in-depth Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted to predict potential targets. Finally, molecular docking technology was used to visualize the combinations with lower binding energy, so as to screen out the quality markers for antioxidant activity. The results show that a total of 70 compounds were identified from Rosa chinensis Jacq., with 119 intersection targets between the compounds and antioxidant-related targets. An ″active component-target-pathway″ network of Rosa chinensis Jacq. is constructed, and 10 core compounds as well as 5 core key targets are screened out. Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, kaempferol, hyperoside, and quercetin are preliminarily speculated to be the key quality markers responsible for the antioxidant effects of Rosa chinensis Jacq.. The predicted targets, pathways, and quality markers can provide experimental ideas and theoretical basis for clarifying the research on the material basis of the antioxidant activity of Rosa chinensis Jacq..